@article {147,
	title = {Investigating Error Injection to Enhance the Effectiveness of Mobile Text Entry Studies of Error Behaviour},
	year = {2020},
	abstract = {During lab studies of text entry methods it is typical to observer very few errors in participants{\textquoteright} typing - users tend to type very carefully in labs. This is a problem when investigating methods to support error awareness or correction as support mechanisms are not tested. We designed a novel evaluation method based around injection of errors into the users{\textquoteright} typing stream and report two user studies on the effectiveness of this technique. Injection allowed us to observe a larger number of instances and more diverse types of error correction behaviour than would normally be possible in a single study, without having a significant impact on key input behaviour characteristics. Qualitative feedback from both studies suggests that our injection algorithm was successful in creating errors that appeared realistic to participants. The use of error injection shows promise for the investigation of error correction behaviour in text entry studies.

Work originally conducted in between Sept 2013 - Jan 2016, document prepared Feb 2016},
	keywords = {evaluation methods, Mobile Text Entry},
	url = {arXiv:2003.06323},
	author = {Andreas Komninos and Emma Nicol and Mark D Dunlop}
}
@article {148,
	title = {Mobile Text Entry Behaviour in Lab and In-the-Wild studies: Is it different?},
	year = {2020},
	abstract = {Text entry in smartphones remains a critical element of mobile HCI. It has been widely studied in lab settings, using primarily transcription tasks, and to a far lesser extent through in-the-wild (field) experiments. So far it remains unknown how well user behaviour during lab transcription tasks approximates real use. In this paper, we present a study that provides evidence that lab text entry behaviour is clearly distinguishable from real world use. Using machine learning techniques, we show that it is possible to accurately identify the type of study in which text entry sessions took place. The implications of our findings relate to the design of future studies in text entry, aiming to support input with virtual smartphone keyboards.

Work carried out Oct 2016-Jun 2017, manuscript produced in June 2018},
	keywords = {field studies, keyboards, laboratory experiments, text input, User studies},
	author = {Andreas Komninos and Kyriakos Katsaris and Emma Nicol and Mark D Dunlop and John Garofalakis}
}
@conference {124,
	title = {Measuring Inviscid Text Entry Using Image Description Tasks},
	booktitle = {CHI{\textquoteright}16 Workshop on Inviscid Text Entry and Beyond},
	year = {2016},
	address = {San Jose, CA},
	abstract = {We argue that measuring the Inviscid text entry rate requires new evaluation methods that support freeform text entry and that are not based on the
traditional transcription/copy tasks. In this position paper we propose use of image description tasks and share some of our experiences of using this new language agnostic task type for free form text entry.},
	url = {http://www.textentry.org/chi2016/9\%20-\%20Dunlop\%20-\%20Image\%20Description\%20Tasks.pdf},
	author = {Mark D Dunlop and Emma Nicol and Andreas Komninos and Dona, Prima and Durga, Naveen}
}
@article {92,
	title = {A Participatory Design and Formal Study Investigation into Mobile Text Entry for Older Adults},
	journal = {International Journal of Mobile Human Computer Interaction},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2016},
	month = {05/2016},
	pages = {20{\textendash}46},
	publisher = {IGI Global},
	abstract = {Text entry remains key to many tasks on touchscreen smartphones and is an important factor in the usability of such devices. The known problems of text entry can be particularly acute for older adults due to physical and cognitive issues associated with ageing. In a study of mobile text entry the authors employed a variety of participatory design and formal comparative study techniques in order to explore the requirements of this group of users and to discover the key differences in texting activity between them and younger users of mobile devices. They report on the findings of a lab study of texting behaviour of older adults. The authors{\textquoteright} findings indicate differences in attitudes to texting styles and tasks between older and younger adults. They also identify some differences in typing behaviour and reflect on methods.},
	keywords = {Older Adults, Participatory Design, Qualitative and Quantitative Studies, text entry},
	doi = {10.4018/ijmhci.2016040102.oa},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijmhci.2016040102.oa},
	author = {Emma Nicol and Andreas Komninos and Mark D Dunlop}
}
@conference {Nicol:2015:WDO:2786567.2795395,
	title = {2nd Workshop on Designing with Older Adults: Towards a Complete Methodology},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services Adjunct},
	series = {MobileHCI {\textquoteright}15},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {908{\textendash}911},
	publisher = {ACM},
	organization = {ACM},
	address = {New York, NY, USA},
	keywords = {inclusive design, mobile interface design, Older Adults},
	isbn = {978-1-4503-3653-6},
	doi = {10.1145/2786567.2795395},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/2786567.2795395},
	author = {Emma Nicol and Mark D Dunlop and Andreas Komninos and McGee-Lennon, Marilyn and Baillie, Lynne and Eslambolchilar, Parisa and Foong, Pin Sym and Gault, Paul and Hakobyan, Lilit and Lumsden, Jo and Vel{\`a}squez, F{\'a}ber Danilo Giraldo and Horcher, Ann-Marie}
}
@conference {76,
	title = {Designed with Older Adults to Support Better Error Correction in SmartPhone Text Entry: The MaxieKeyboard},
	booktitle = {Adjunct proc. of the 17th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services},
	year = {2015},
	month = {08/2015},
	publisher = {ACM},
	organization = {ACM},
	address = {Copenhagen, Denmark},
	abstract = {Through our participatory design with older adults a theme of error support for texting on smartphones emerged. Here we present the MaxieKeyboard based on the outcomes from this process. The keyboard highlights errors, autocorrections and suggestion bar usage in the composition area and gives feedback on the keyboard on typing correctness. Our older adults groups have shown strong support for the keyboard.},
	keywords = {Error Correction, Older Adults, text entry, Touchscreen},
	doi = {10.1145/2786567.2793703},
	author = {Andreas Komninos and Emma Nicol and Mark D Dunlop}
}
@conference {81,
	title = {Investigating Mobile Text Entry for Older Adults},
	booktitle = {Workshop on Reimagining Mobile Interfaces for Older Adults, in conjunction with ACM MobileHCI{\textquoteright}14},
	year = {2014},
	address = {Toronto, Canada},
	abstract = {Text entry remains key to many tasks on touchscreen smartphones and is an important factor in the usability of such devices. The known problems of text entry can be particularly acute for older adults due to physical and cognitive issues associated with ageing. In a study of mobile text entry we employed a variety of participatory design techniques in order to develop novel keyboard layouts to address the requirements of this group of users. We report on the early findings and the methodological implications for further research in this area. Based on our results we argue that making the effort to involve older adults in the design process has benefits that could not otherwise be achieved. },
	keywords = {Older Adults, Participatory Design, text entry},
	url = {http://strathprints.strath.ac.uk/id/eprint/50758},
	author = {Emma Nicol and Andreas Komninos and Mark D Dunlop}
}
@article {62,
	title = {Reflections on design workshops with older adults for touchscreen mobile text entry},
	journal = {Interaction Design and Architecture(s) Journal - IxD\&A},
	volume = {20},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {70-85},
	abstract = {On touchscreen devices such as smartphones and tablets, text entry 
remains key to many tasks and is an important factor in the usability of such 
devices. The physical and cognitive issues associated with ageing can make the 
known problems of text entry particularly acute for older adults. Poor usability 
can present a significant problem for older adults where accessing services and 
social activities are concerned, both of which have implications for exclusion. In a 
study of mobile text entry where we aimed to develop novel keyboard layouts to 
address the particular requirements of this group of users we employed a variety 
of participatory design techniques. We report on our experiences from employing 
these methods and the methodological implications for further research in this 
area. },
	keywords = {Mobile Text Entry, Older Adults, Participatory Design},
	url = {http://www.mifav.uniroma2.it/inevent/events/idea2010/doc/21_5.pdf},
	author = {Andreas Komninos and Emma Nicol and Mark D Dunlop}
}
@conference {Nicol:2014:RCU:2628363.2634261,
	title = {Re-imagining Commonly Used Mobile Interfaces for Older Adults},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Human-computer Interaction with Mobile Devices \& Services (MobileHCI{\textquoteright}14)},
	series = {MobileHCI {\textquoteright}14},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {585{\textendash}588},
	publisher = {ACM},
	organization = {ACM},
	address = {New York, NY, USA},
	abstract = {Many countries have an increasingly ageing population. In recent years, mobile technologies have had a massive impact on social and working lives. As the size of the older user population rises, many people will want to continue professional, social and lifestyle usage of mobiles into 70s and beyond. Mobile technologies can lead to increased community involvement and personal independence. While mobile technologies can provide many opportunities, the ageing process can interfere with their use. This workshop brings together researchers who are re-imagining common mobile interfaces so that they are more suited to use by older adults.},
	keywords = {inclusive design, mobile interface design, Older Adults},
	isbn = {978-1-4503-3004-6},
	doi = {10.1145/2628363.2634261},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/2628363.2634261},
	author = {Emma Nicol and Mark D Dunlop and Andreas Komninos and McGee-Lennon, Marilyn and Baillie, Lynne and Edwards, Alistair and Eslambolchilar, Parisa and Goodman-Deane, Joy and Hakobyan, Lilit and Lumsden, Jo and Mulder, Ingrid and Rau, Patrick and Siek, Katie}
}
@conference {59,
	title = {Shake {\textquoteleft}n{\textquoteright} Tap: A Gesture Enhanced Keyboard for Older Adults},
	booktitle = {16th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services (MobileHCI {\textquoteright}14)},
	year = {2014},
	month = {09/2014},
	publisher = {ACM},
	organization = {ACM},
	address = {Toronto, Canada},
	abstract = {The need for text entry on smartphones and other touch-screen devices is key for many tasks and also a key factor in the usability of these devices. Physical and cognitive issues associated with age can aggravate the task of text entry for older adults. Technological exclusion due to low usability can present a significant problem both for social and ongoing business-related tasks with older adults. This paper investigates a new touch-screen keyboard design for older adults that combines the familiar QWERTY keyboard layout with physical gesture. User studies with older adults showed our keyboard reduced miss-taps, but was slower to use, and raised issues for further research.},
	keywords = {gesture keyboards, Older Adults, text input},
	doi = {10.1145/2628363.2634227},
	author = {Mark D Dunlop and Andreas Komninos and Emma Nicol and Iain Hamilton}
}
